In a differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) schedule, when is a reinforcer given?

In a differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) schedule, a reinforcer is delivered after a set period of time during which the target behavior does not occur. This approach is designed to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors by reinforcing the absence of those behaviors within a specified time frame. For example, if a child is being reinforced for not engaging in a particular behavior for a designated duration, the successful completion of that time without the behavior results in a positive reinforcement. This method shifts focus from the challenging behavior to encouraging appropriate or alternative behaviors by rewarding the non-occurrence of the unwanted actions.

The context of how reinforcers are provided is fundamental in behavioral interventions, as the aim is to support positive behavior change by reinforcing periods of absence of the problematic behavior. Consequently, this creates an opportunity for an increase in other, more adaptive behaviors while simultaneously addressing the target behavior.